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Linux系统之tree命令的基本使用

一、tree命令介绍

tree 是一个递归列出目录内容的命令行实用工具，它以树状图的形式显示文件和目录结构。tree 命令不是 Linux 系统默认自带的命令，需要单独安装。

二、tree工具安装

安装 tree
在大多数基于 Debian 的系统（如 Ubuntu）上，可以通过以下命令安装 tree：

sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install tree

对于基于 Red Hat 的系统（如 CentOS 或 Fedora），可以使用以下命令：

sudo yum install tree # 或者在较新的版本中使用 sudo dnf install tree

三、tree命令帮助

3.1 查询帮助信息

在Rocky Linux 9.4系统中，我们在命令行终端使用--help选项查询tree命令帮助信息。

[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree --help usage: tree [-acdfghilnpqrstuvxACDFJQNSUX] [-H baseHREF] [-T title ] [-L level [-R]] [-P pattern] [-I pattern] [-o filename] [--version] [--help] [--inodes] [--device] [--noreport] [--nolinks] [--dirsfirst] [--charset charset] [--filelimit[=]#] [--si] [--timefmt[=]] [--sort[=]] [--matchdirs] [--ignore-case] [--fromfile] [--] [] ------- Listing options ------- -a All files are listed. -d List directories only. -l Follow symbolic links like directories. -f Print the full path prefix for each file. -x Stay on current filesystem only. -L level Descend only level directories deep. -R Rerun tree when max dir level reached. -P pattern List only those files that match the pattern given. -I pattern Do not list files that match the given pattern. --ignore-case Ignore case when pattern matching. --matchdirs Include directory names in -P pattern matching. --noreport Turn off file/directory count at end of tree listing. --charset X Use charset X for terminal/HTML and indentation line output. --filelimit # Do not descend dirs with more than # files in them. --timefmt Print and format time according to the format . -o filename Output to file instead of stdout. --du Print directory sizes. --prune Prune empty directories from the output. ------- File options ------- -q Print non-printable characters as '?'. -N Print non-printable characters as is. -Q Quote filenames with double quotes. -p Print the protections for each file. -u Displays file owner or UID number. -g Displays file group owner or GID number. -s Print the size in bytes of each file. -h Print the size in a more human readable way. --si Like -h, but use in SI units (powers of 1000). -D Print the date of last modification or (-c) status change. -F Appends '/', '=', '*', '@', '|' or '>' as per ls -F. --inodes Print inode number of each file. --device Print device ID number to which each file belongs. ------- Sorting options ------- -v Sort files alphanumerically by version. -t Sort files by last modification time. -c Sort files by last status change time. -U Leave files unsorted. -r Reverse the order of the sort. --dirsfirst List directories before files (-U disables). --sort X Select sort: name,version,size,mtime,ctime. ------- Graphics options ------- -i Don't print indentation lines. -A Print ANSI lines graphic indentation lines. -S Print with CP437 (console) graphics indentation lines. -n Turn colorization off always (-C overrides). -C Turn colorization on always. ------- XML/HTML/JSON options ------- -X Prints out an XML representation of the tree. -J Prints out an JSON representation of the tree. -H baseHREF Prints out HTML format with baseHREF as top directory. -T string Replace the default HTML title and H1 header with string. --nolinks Turn off hyperlinks in HTML output. ------- Input options ------- --fromfile Reads paths from files (.=stdin) ------- Miscellaneous options ------- --version Print version and exit. --help Print usage and this help message and exit. -- Options processing terminator.

3.2 tree命令帮助解释

使用方法:

tree [选项]... []

列表选项

文件选项

排序选项

图形选项

XML/HTML/JSON 选项

输入选项

--fromfile 从文件中读取路径（. 表示标准输入）。

杂项选项

--version 打印版本信息并退出。 --help 打印用法和此帮助信息并退出。 -- 选项处理终止符。

四、tree命令的基本使用

4.1 直接使用

最简单的用法是直接输入 tree，这将从当前目录开始，显示所有子目录和文件。

[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree . ├── aa ├── aa01.txt ├── aa02.txt ├── aa03.txt ├── aa04.txt ├── aa05.txt ├── aa06.txt ├── abc.txt ├── anaconda-ks.cfg ├── mytest.aa ├── test.txt └── tree └── bb └── cc 3 directories, 11 files

4.2 *限制显示的层级

我们可以使用 -L 选项来指定要显示的最大深度。

[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -L 1 . ├── aa ├── aa01.txt ├── aa02.txt ├── aa03.txt ├── aa04.txt ├── aa05.txt ├── aa06.txt ├── abc.txt ├── anaconda-ks.cfg ├── mytest.aa ├── test.txt └── tree 1 directory, 11 files

4.3 仅显示目录

如果你只想看到目录而不包括文件，可以使用 -d 选项。

[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -d . └── tree └── bb └── cc 3 directories

4.4 不显示隐藏文件

默认情况下，tree 不会显示隐藏文件（即以点.开头的文件）。如果你不想改变这个行为，只需要正常使用 tree 即可。
如果想明确地确保隐藏文件不会被显示，可以使用 -a 和 -I 选项结合来排除特定模式：
以下面的例子会显示所有文件，但排除 .git 和 .ssh 目录。

[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -a -I '.git|.ssh' . ├── aa ├── aa01.txt ├── aa02.txt ├── aa03.txt ├── aa04.txt ├── aa05.txt ├── aa06.txt ├── abc.txt ├── anaconda-ks.cfg ├── .bash_history ├── .bash_logout ├── .bash_profile ├── .bashrc ├── .cshrc ├── .docker │ └── buildx │ ├── activity │ │ └── default │ ├── .buildNodeID │ ├── defaults │ ├── instances │ ├── .lock │ └── refs │ └── default │ └── default │ └── l719wavztb8rg53q0s8243nep ├── .lesshst ├── mytest.aa ├── .tcshrc ├── test.txt ├── tree │ └── bb │ └── cc └── .viminfo 11 directories, 23 files

4.5 显示文件大小

使用 -h 选项可以让 tree 显示文件大小，并且是以人类易读的方式（例如 KB, MB）。

[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -h . ├── [ 58] aa ├── [ 0] aa01.txt ├── [ 0] aa02.txt ├── [ 0] aa03.txt ├── [ 0] aa04.txt ├── [ 0] aa05.txt ├── [ 0] aa06.txt ├── [ 12] abc.txt ├── [ 978] anaconda-ks.cfg ├── [ 15] mytest.aa ├── [ 79] test.txt └── [ 16] tree └── [ 16] bb └── [ 6] cc 3 directories, 11 files

```

4.6 彩色输出

使用 -C 选项可以让 tree 输出带有颜色的文本，使输出更加直观。

[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -C . ├── aa ├── aa01.txt ├── aa02.txt ├── aa03.txt ├── aa04.txt ├── aa05.txt ├── aa06.txt ├── abc.txt ├── anaconda-ks.cfg ├── mytest.aa ├── test.txt └── tree └── bb └── cc 3 directories, 11 files

```

4.7 输出到文件

如果想要保存 tree 的输出结果，可以重定向输出到文件。

tree > directory_structure.txt

4.8 输出不同格式

例如使用-J选项和，可以输出json格式内容。

[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -J [{"type":"directory","name": ".","contents":[ {"type":"file","name":"aa"}, {"type":"file","name":"aa01.txt"}, {"type":"file","name":"aa02.txt"}, {"type":"file","name":"aa03.txt"}, {"type":"file","name":"aa04.txt"}, {"type":"file","name":"aa05.txt"}, {"type":"file","name":"aa06.txt"}, {"type":"file","name":"abc.txt"}, {"type":"file","name":"anaconda-ks.cfg"}, {"type":"file","name":"mytest.aa"}, {"type":"file","name":"test.txt"}, {"type":"directory","name":"tree","contents":[ {"type":"directory","name":"bb","contents":[ {"type":"directory","name":"cc","contents":[ ]} ]} ]} ]}, {"type":"report","directories":3,"files":11} ]