树莓派手动安装nextcloud搭建私有云（非docker方式）

nextcloud简介

nextcloud前身是大名鼎鼎的owncloud，两者均是开源的网络硬盘系统。nextcloud不仅可以搭建私有云存储和同步数据，也提供联系人、日程管理功能，web端还提供私密的语音视频通话功能。nextcloud致力于数据安全，云端的数据均可选择加密，并遵循安全行业最佳实践。客户端支持windows、macos、linux三大pc平台，以及安卓ios两大移动平台，完全足够家庭或中小型团队协作使用。

部署和设置nextcloud

nextcloud程序由php语言编写，因此部署需要具备php运行环境以及web中间件。因其支持平台众多，官方文档略显繁琐，故本文给出树莓派上用nginx、mariadb、redis搭建nextcloud的详细步骤。

从官网下载部署程序；

更新系统和必备软件：sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade && sudo apt install -y libreoffice ffmpeg；

安装nginx：sudo apt install -y nginx；

安装redis：sudo apt install -y redis;

安装mariadb：sudo apt install mariadb-server；

安装php及推荐模块：sudo apt install -y php7.3 php7.3-fpm php7.3-curl php7.3-gd php7.3-dom php7.3-iconv php-redis php-mysql php7.3-zip php7.3-bz2 php7.3-intl php7.3-imagick php7.3-mbstring；

如果缺少相关模块，将会在 nextcloud web 开始配置界面提示未安装，根据提示安装缺少的相应模块就可以了。

解压部署程序：unzip nextcloud-xxxx.zip；

将nextcloud文件移动到网站根目录：sudo mv nextcloud-xxx /var/www/html/nextcloud；

创建数据目录，更改目录权限：mkdir /var/www/html/nextcloud/data && sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/nextcloud；

配置php：打开/etc/php/7.3/fpm/php.ini文件，做如下更改：

expose_php改成off

date.timezone 一行删掉前面的;号，值改成Asia/Shanghai

删掉opcache.enable=1，opcache.validate_timestamps=1，opcache.revalidate_freq=2这三行前面的;号，将opcache.revalidate_freq的值改成30;

配置fpm：打开/etc/php/7.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf文件，移除clear_env=no，env[开头那几行前面的;号（即388，401-405这几行前面的分号）；

设置mariadb管理员密码： mysqladmin -uroot password '你的密码';

创建nextcloud数据库：mysql -uroot -p'你的密码' -e 'create user nextcloud@"%" identified by "nextcloud数据库密码"; create database nextcloud default charset=utf8mb4; grant all privileges on nextcloud.* to nextcloud@"%"; flush privileges;'；

配置nginx：在/etc/nginx/sites-enabled目录下，创建一个nextcloud文件，其内容如下（注意，本配置中禁用了https）：

upstream php-handler {

server unix:/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;

}

server {

listen 80;

listen [::]:80;

server_name cloud.example.com;

# enforce https

#return 301 https://$server_name:443$request_uri;

#}

#server {

# listen 443 ssl http2;

# listen [::]:443 ssl http2;

# server_name cloud.example.com;

# Use Mozilla's guidelines for SSL/TLS settings

# https://mozilla.github.io/server-side-tls/ssl-config-generator/

# NOTE: some settings below might be redundant

# ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/nginx/cloud.example.com.crt;

# ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/nginx/cloud.example.com.key;

# Path to the root of your installation

root /var/www/html/nextcloud;

location = /robots.txt {

allow all;

log_not_found off;

access_log off;

}

# The following 2 rules are only needed for the user_webfinger app.

# Uncomment it if you're planning to use this app.

#rewrite ^/.well-known/host-meta /public.php?service=host-meta last;

#rewrite ^/.well-known/host-meta.json /public.php?service=host-meta-json last;

# The following rule is only needed for the Social app.

# Uncomment it if you're planning to use this app.

#rewrite ^/.well-known/webfinger /public.php?service=webfinger last;

location = /.well-known/carddav {

return 301 $scheme://$host:$server_port/remote.php/dav;

}

location = /.well-known/caldav {

return 301 $scheme://$host:$server_port/remote.php/dav;

}

# set max upload size

client_max_body_size 512M;

fastcgi_buffers 64 4K;

# Enable gzip but do not remove ETag headers

gzip on;

gzip_vary on;

gzip_comp_level 4;

gzip_min_length 256;

gzip_proxied expired no-cache no-store private no_last_modified no_etag auth;

gzip_types application/atom+xml application/javascript application/json application/ld+json application/manifest+json application/rss+xml application/vnd.geo+json application/vnd.ms-fontobject application/x-font-ttf application/x-web-app-manifest+json application/xhtml+xml application/xml font/opentype image/bmp image/svg+xml image/x-icon text/cache-manifest text/css text/plain text/vcard text/vnd.rim.location.xloc text/vtt text/x-component text/x-cross-domain-policy;

# Uncomment if your server is build with the ngx_pagespeed module

# This module is currently not supported.

#pagespeed off;

location / {

rewrite ^ /index.php;

}

location ~ ^/(?:build|tests|config|lib|3rdparty|templates|data)/ {

deny all;

}

location ~ ^/(?:.|autotest|occ|issue|indie|db_|console) {

deny all;

}

location ~ ^/(?:index|remote|public|cron|core/ajax/update|status|ocs/v[12]|updater/.+|oc[ms]-provider/.+).php(?:$|/) {

fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+?.php)(/.*|)$;

set $path_info $fastcgi_path_info;

try_files $fastcgi_script_name =404;

include fastcgi_params;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $path_info;

#fastcgi_param HTTPS on;

# Avoid sending the security headers twice

fastcgi_param modHeadersAvailable true;

# Enable pretty urls

fastcgi_param front_controller_active true;

fastcgi_pass php-handler;

fastcgi_intercept_errors on;

fastcgi_request_buffering off;

}

location ~ ^/(?:updater|oc[ms]-provider)(?:$|/) {

try_files $uri/ =404;

index index.php;

}

# Adding the cache control header for js, css and map files

# Make sure it is BELOW the PHP block

location ~ .(?:css|js|woff2?|svg|gif|map)$ {

try_files $uri /index.php$request_uri;

add_header Cache-Control "public, max-age=15778463";

# Add headers to serve security related headers (It is intended to

# have those duplicated to the ones above)

# Before enabling Strict-Transport-Security headers please read into

# this topic first.

#add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains; preload;" always;

#

# WARNING: Only add the preload option once you read about

# the consequences in https://hstspreload.org/. This option

# will add the domain to a hardcoded list that is shipped

# in all major browsers and getting removed from this list

# could take several months.

add_header Referrer-Policy "no-referrer" always;

add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;

add_header X-Download-Options "noopen" always;

add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;

add_header X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies "none" always;

add_header X-Robots-Tag "none" always;

add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;

# Optional: Don't log access to assets

access_log off;

}

location ~ .(?:png|html|ttf|ico|jpg|jpeg|bcmap)$ {

try_files $uri /index.php$request_uri;

# Optional: Don't log access to other assets

access_log off;

}

}

启动各项服务：sudo systemctl restart nginx php7.3-fpm redis-server mariadb。如果系统安装了防火墙，记得放行80端口；

打开浏览器，在地址栏输入树莓派的ip，例如：http://192.168.1.2，将出现nextcloud的设置页面，选择用户名和密码，以及输入数据库用户名和密码，完成设置。

设置完成后，进入了类似百度云盘的操作界面，说明云盘已经初步搭建好了。

配置nextcloud，使其性能更好：打开/var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php文件，在最后的);前添加缓存配置： 'memcache.local' => 'OCMemcacheRedis',

'memcache.distributed' => 'OCMemcacheRedis',
'redis' => [
'host' => 'localhost',
'port' => 6379,
'dbindex' => 0,
'password' => '',
'timeout' => 1.5,
],

至此，nextcloud的部署和设置全部完毕，在浏览器界面已经能够查看和管理各种数据和功能了。

其它

1. 树莓派默认的sd卡存储空间很小，实践应该将nextcloud的程序文件托管在外置硬盘上；

2. 设置外网访问需要用到域名、dns、https配置以及内网穿透，本文不再给出，如有需要，将在以后的文章单独说明；

3. 各平台客户端的设置和使用请参考官方教程，本文不再给出